DETERMINANTS OF ADOLESCENT SELF-CONCEPT IN THE DIGITAL AGE: A CROSS-SECTIONAL ANALYSIS

Abstract

Introduction:
Adolescent self-concept is a critical developmental factor that shapes identity, social interaction, and mental well-being. In the era of digitalization, self-concept may be influenced by a variety of factors, including parenting styles, peer relationships, exposure to bullying, and social media usage. The objective of this study was to identify the factors influencing adolescent self-concept in the digital era, with specific attention to parenting style, peer relationships, bullying experiences, and social media use.

Methods:
A descriptive quantitative study with a cross-sectional design was conducted among 533 junior high school students, selected through simple random sampling. Data were collected using standardized instruments measuring self-concept, parenting style, peer relationships, bullying behavior, and social media usage. Statistical analyses included Pearson correlation, Independent t-test, Kruskal–Wallis test, and linear regression to assess associations and predictive relationships.

Results:
The majority of participants were female (54.4%) and in the eighth grade (58.7%), with a mean age of 13 years. Most identified as Muslim (97%) and of Sundanese ethnicity (88.6%). The mean self-concept score was 93.90 (SD ±10.848), and peer relationship score was 58.94 (SD ±4.731). Permissive parenting was the most commonly reported style. The mean scores for social media use and bullying behavior were 57.00 (SD ±6.056) and 43.53 (SD ±11.519), respectively. Bivariate analysis indicated significant relationships between self-concept and gender (p = 0.02), class level (p = 0.05), parenting style (p < 0.001), peer relationships (p < 0.001), and bullying (p < 0.001).

Conclusion:
Adolescent self-concept in the digital era is significantly influenced by both demographic and psychosocial factors, including gender, class level, parenting style, peer dynamics, and bullying experiences. These findings underscore the need for early preventive efforts by nurses, educators, and mental health professionals to support healthy self-concept development. Further research should focus on intervention design and evaluation to enhance self-concept among adolescents in diverse digital and social contexts.